Our Heroes
The Four Princes
by SHAMSHER SINGH ASHOK
This week marks the 304th anniversary of the martyrdom of the Four Sahibzadas.
AJĪT SIṄGH, SÄ€HIBZÄ€DÄ€ (1687-1705), the eldest son of GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh, was born to MÄtÄ SundarÄ« at PÄoṇá¹Ä on 26 January 1687. The following year, GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh returned with the family to Anandpur where AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh was brought up in the approved Sikh style: He was taught the religious texts, philosophy and history, and had training in the manly arts such as riding, swordsmanship and archery. He grew up into a handsome young man, strong, intelligent and a natural leader of men.
Soon after the creation of the KhÄlsÄ on 30 March 1699, he had his first test of skill.
A Sikh saá¹…gat coming from Poá¹hohÄr, northwest Punjab, was attacked and looted on the way by the Raá¹…ghaá¹›s of NÅ«h, a short distance from Anandpur across the River Sutlej. GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh sent SÄhibzÄdÄ AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh, barely 12 years of age then, to that village. AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh at the head of 100 Sikhs reached there on 23 May 1699, punished the Raá¹…ghaá¹›s and recovered the looted property.
A harder task was entrusted to him the following year when the hill chiefs supported by imperial troops attacked Anandpur. SÄhibzÄdÄ AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh was made responsible for the defence of TÄrÄgaá¹›h Fort which became the first target of attack. This, according to the Bhaá¹á¹ VahÄ«s, happened on 29 August 1700. AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh assisted by BhÄÄ« Ude Siá¹…gh, a seasoned soldier, repulsed the attack.
He also fought valiantly in the battles of Nirmohgaá¹›h in October 1700.
On 15 March 1701, a saá¹…gat, column of Sikh devotees, coming from Daá¹›ap area (present SiÄlkoá¹ district) was waylaid by Gujjars and Raá¹…ghaá¹›s. SÄhibzÄdÄ AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh led a successful expedition against them. As instructed by GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh, he took out (7 March 1703) 100 horsemen to BassÄ«, near HoshiÄrpur, and rescued a young BrÄhmaṇ bride forcibly taken away by the local Paá¹hÄn chieftain.
In the prolonged siege of Anandpur in 1705, SÄhibzÄdÄ AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh again displayed his qualities of courage and steadfastness. When, at last, Anandpur was vacated on the night of 5-6 December 1705, he was given command of the rearguard. As the besiegers, violating their solemn promises for a safe conduct to the evacuees, attacked the column, he stoutly engaged them on a hill-feature called ShÄhÄ« ṬibbÄ« until relieved by BhÄÄ« Ude Siá¹…gh. AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh crossed the SarsÄ, then in spate, along with his father, his younger brother, JujhÄr Siá¹…gh, and some fifty Sikhs. Further reduced in numbers by casualties at the hands of a pursuing troop from Ropar, the column reached Chamkaur in the evening of 6 December 1705, and took up position in a gaá¹›hÄ«, high-walled fortified house.
The host, since swelled by reinforcements from MÄlerkoá¹lÄ and Sirhind and from among the local Raá¹…ghaá¹›s and Gujjars, soon caught up with them and threw a tight ring around Chamkaur. An unequal but grim battle commenced with the sunrise on 7 December 1705 - in the words of GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh's ZafarnÄmah, a mere forty defying a million. The besieged, after they had exhausted the meagre stock of ammunition and arrows, made sallies in batches of five each to engage the encircling host with sword and spear.
SÄhibzÄdÄ AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh led one of the sallies and laid down his life fighting in the thick of the battle.
GurdwÄrÄ Qatalgaá¹›h now marks the spot where he fell, followed by SÄhibzÄdÄ JujhÄr Siá¹…gh, who led the next sally. An annual fair is held in commemoration of their martyrdoms on the 8th of the BikramÄ« month of Poh (December-January). The martyrdom of two of the sons of GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh in the battle of Chamkaur is substantiated by a contemporary record in the form of an official letter preserved in a manuscript, AhkÄm-i-Ä€lamgÄ«rÄ« by Emperor Auraá¹…gzeb's official letter writer, MirzÄ 'InÄyat Ullah KhÄn Ismi (1653-1725). The relevant extract from the document, translated into English, reads :
Received the letter containing miscellaneous matters including the arrival of Gobind, the worshipper of NÄnak, to a place 12 kos from Sirhind; the despatch of a force of 700 with artillery and other material; his being besieged and vanquished in thehavelÄ« [i. e. large walled house] of a zamÄ«ndÄr of village Chamkaur and the killing of his two sons and other companions; and the capture of his mother and another son ...
JUJHÄ€R SIṄGH, SÄ€HIBZÄ€DÄ€ (1691-1705), the second son of GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh, was born to MÄtÄ JÄ«tojÄ« Ät Anandpur on l4 March 1691.
Like his elder brother, AjÄ«t Siá¹…gh, he started training in the fighting skills as soon as he started learning the religious texts. In 1699, when he was eight years old, he received the rites of KhÄlsÄ initiation.
By the time it became necessary to leave Anandpur under the pressure of a besieging host in December 1705, JujhÄr Siá¹…gh, nearing the completion of his fifteenth year, was an experienced young warrior, strong and fearless. He was one of the band that successfully waded through the flooded SarsÄ rivulet on horseback and made good their way to Chamkaur by nightfall on 6 December 1705, with the adversary in hot pursuit. With little respite during the night, he participated in the next day's battle warding off assault after assault upon the gaá¹›hÄ«, the fortified house in which GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh had, along with his 40 Sikhs and two sons, taken shelter.
As they ran out of ammunition and arrows, Sikhs inside split themselves into batches of five each who would go out one after the other to engage the besiegers in hand-to-hand combat. JujhÄr Siá¹…gh led the last sally towards the end of the day (7 December 1705), and laid down his life fighting near the place where he had earlier seen his elder brother fall.
GurdwÄrÄ Qatalgaá¹›h in Chamkaur SÄhib now marks the site.
ZORÄ€WAR SIṄGH, SÄ€HIBZÄ€DÄ€ (1696-1705), the third son of GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh, was born to MÄtÄ JÄ«tojÄ« at Anandpur on 17 November 1696, and was barely nine years old at the time of the evacuation of Anandpur on the night of 5-6 December 1705.
Since the death, on 5 December 1700, of MÄtÄ JÄ«tojÄ«, MÄtÄ GujarÄ«, his grandmother had been especially attached to young ZorÄwar Siá¹…gh and his infant brother, Fateh Siá¹…gh She took charge of both as the column moved out of Anandpur. While crossing on horseback the rivulet SarsÄ, then in spate, the three were separated from GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh.
Their cook, Gaá¹…gÅ«, who had also succeeded in crossing the stream, escorted them to his own house in the village of Kheṛī, now known as Saheṛī, near Moriṇá¸Ä in present-day Ropaá¹› district. While unsaddling the horse he saw that there was some cash in the saddlebag. This tempted him to treachery. He not only stole the saddlebag during the night, but also planned to betray the fugitives to the government in hope of a reward.
On the morning of 7 December 1705, the day of the fateful battle of Chamkaur, ZorÄwar Siá¹…gh, along with Fateh Siá¹…gh and their grandmother, was taken into custody by JÄnÄ« KhÄn and MÄnÄ« KhÄn Raá¹…ghaá¹›, the officials at Moriṇá¸Ä. They were despatched on the following day to Sirhind where they were consigned to the Cold Tower (Ṭhaṇá¸a Burj) of the Fort.
On 9 December 1705, ZorÄwar Siá¹…gh and Fateh Siá¹…gh were produced before the faujdÄr, NawÄb WazÄ«r KhÄn, who had just returned from Chamkaur with his feudal ally, NawÄb Sher Muhammad KhÄn of MÄlerkoá¹lÄ.
WazÄ«r KhÄn tried to lure the SÄhibzÄdÄs to embrace Islam with promises of riches and honours, but they spurned the suggestion. He then threatened them with death, but they remained undaunted. Death sentence was finally pronounced.
Upon Sher Muhammad KhÄn's intercession for the innocent children to be spared their lives, they were given some more time to ponder over the suggestion to convert. ZorÄwar Siá¹…gh and his brother spent another two days of severe winter in their old grandmother's lap in the Cold Tower. Still adamant, they were, on 11 December 1705, ordered to be sealed alive in a wall.
According to tradition, as the masonry around their tender bodies reached chest-high, it crumbled. The SÄhibzÄdÄs were sent to the Cold Tower again for the night. The next day, 12 December 1705, the alternative of conversion being again turned down, ZorÄwar Siá¹…gh and Fateh Siá¹…gh were put to death by execution.
The aged MÄtÄ GujarÄ«, who had all along been kept in the Cold Tower, only a little distance away, breathed her last as the news reached her ears.
Seá¹h Ṭoá¸ar Mall, a wealthy merchant of Sirhind, performed the cremation of the three bodies the following day. The site of the fateful happenings, since named Fatehgaá¹›h SÄhib, close to the old town of Sirhind, is now marked by four gurdwaras.
A grand religious fair is held here from 25 to 28 December every year to honour the memory of the martyrs.
FATEH SIṄGH, SÄ€HIBZÄ€DÄ€ (1699-1705), the youngest of GurÅ« Gobind Siá¹…gh's four sons, was born to MÄtÄ JÄ«tojÄ« at Anandpur on 25 February 1699.
After the death of his mother, on 5 December 1700, he was brought up under the care of his grandmother, MÄtÄ GujarÄ«, with whom he remained till the last. On 12 December 1705, he was martyred at Sirhind along with his elder brother, ZorÄwar Siá¹…gh.
[Courtesy: The Encyclopedia of Sikhism]
December 23, 2009
Conversation about this article
1: Jodh Singh (Birmingham, England), December 23, 2009, 11:53 AM.
Wonderful and moving article. One question, though: was Baba Ajit Singh born to a mother different to that of the three other Sahibzade? I was always under the impression that Mata Jeeto was renamed Mata Sundri after her marriage to Guru Gobind Singh.
2: Chintan Singh (San Jose, California, U.S.A.), December 23, 2009, 12:58 PM.
A great article providing significant historical facts. In addition to Jodh Singh's question, I would like to know what does "The next day, 12 December 1705, the alternative of conversion being again turned down, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh were put to death by execution" mean. I always thought both the younger Sahibzadas were sealed alive in a wall. I didn't know that the wall broke when its height reached their chest and they were sent back to the Thanda Burj for another day, and then later executed the next day. Could someone explain how were they executed, if not sealed alive in the wall. Last point, it is interesting to note that the Guru and his Sikhs reached Chamkaur on December 6th and the elder Sahibzadas got martyred on Dec 26th; so this means that for 20 days the battle of Chamkaur raged, with a mere 40 individuals facing an army of 700!
3: Jodh Singh (Birmingham, England), December 23, 2009, 7:42 PM.
Chintan Veer ji, it is believed that the younger Sahibzade were beheaded. But it is disputed that this occurred the next day. From the history imparted at Shaheedi Jorh Mela (Sabha) at Fatehgarh Sahib, accounts suggest the Sahibzade were martyred the same day as the building of the brick wall was commenced.
4: Gurjender Singh (Maryland, U.S.A.), December 25, 2009, 11:09 AM.
This article on the sacrifices of the young children of Guru Gobind Singh is well written. It is unfortunate that we have failed to educate the Indians and the world about these sacrifices.
5: Amardeep (U.S.A.), December 26, 2009, 6:58 PM.
Yes, Mata Jeeto and Mata Sundri are one and the same.
6: Sarabjit Singh (Delhi, India), July 16, 2012, 8:33 AM.
Chaar Sahibzaadey di kurbani koi bhul nahi sakda.
7: J S Sidhu (Edmonton, Alberta, Canada), October 31, 2012, 3:42 PM.
All four princes were born to Mata Jit Kaur Ji [whose maternal village name was Mata Sundri Ji]. There was only one physical wife of Guru Sahib.