Current Events

The Sophie Choice:
Which Genocide Should India Vote For?

ANAHITA MUKHERJI

 

 

 

"Sophie's Choice" refers to a 1982 Oscar-winning film in which a mother (played by Meryl Streep) was forced by the Nazis to choose which one of her two children would be gassed and which would proceed to the labor camp.

In an ironic twist to her classic dilemma, Indian voters are limited in the coming national and provincial elections in their country to a bare-bone choice of their rulers between the mass murderers of 1984 and the mass murderers of 2002.  

 

 

The two most widely reported news stories on Friday the 13^th, 2013, have a lesson in store for India and Indians.

The men who raped and brutalised a young girl in a moving bus in Delhi last year have been awarded the death sentence.

The man who oversaw one of independent India’s worst instances of communal violence, in which thousands of women were raped and tortured, has been given the chance to become India’s next prime minister.

And the party he wishes to defeat has gone unpunished for having conducted a pogrom of an even greater magnitude -- the worst in the country's 66 year-old history.

Some skeletons refuse to remain locked in a closet, no matter how firmly we shut the door.

The ghosts of thousands of innocent Sikhs burned alive in Delhi 30 years ago, and Muslims gang-raped and chopped into pieces over a decade ago in Gujarat, have come back to haunt India’s two largest national parties in the run up to the 2014 elections.

For many young Indians -- the census suggests that much of India is young -- the bloodbath in Gujarat is a distant memory and most were not born when Sikhs were massacred in Delhi.

But in the last one year, both mass-murders have clawed their way back into public memory. A BJP minister from Gujarat was sentenced to life imprisonment for her role in the 2002 violence, and court cases against two Congress leaders have resurfaced in connection with the 1984 massacre.

Both Gujarat 2002 and Delhi 1984 have often been dismissed as spontaneous 'riots'. There is much to suggest they were neither spontaneous, nor riots, but systematic acts of ethnic cleansing targeting two of India’s minority communities.

Recent debates focus on the impact of both pogroms on the upcoming Lok Sabha elections. But can we reduce crimes against humanity to an election campaign? Is that all that genocide means to us? How do we decide which genocide to vote for and which to vote against? Is there any foot-ruler or weighing scale that can help us measure two acts of barbarism to figure out which one is worse?

Or maybe we could use the response to the Delhi gang rape as a benchmark for how justice should be sought. We did not compare the Delhi rape case to other rape cases in order to judge the extent of brutality committed. We did not say that, since many rape victims have been denied justice, we should deny this young girl justice too.

So why should we pit Gujarat 2002 against Delhi 1984? Can we not, as a nation, use the 2014 elections to demand justice for both genocides?

Much has been said on the need to move over the massacres, and focus, instead on “the development plank” which refers, among other things, to building roads, highways and efficient transport. But can the denial of justice for genocide be substituted with good roads? Is that the price of human life? If so, how many dead bodies are equal to one good road?

No country that I am aware of has successfully moved on from genocide without dealing with the ghosts of the past. Germany did not overcome its Nazi legacy by forgetting the pogrom against Jews. Instead, it witnessed the Nuremberg Trials, where some of the most prominent members of Hitler’s Third Reich were brought to book. There is a Holocaust Memorial in Berlin, and Nazi concentration camps such as Auschwitz in Poland have been turned into museums. The streets of Germany are strews with Stolperstein (German for stumbling block), cobblestone sized memorials for Holocaust victims.

Post-apartheid South Africa set up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission, headed by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, with the aim of promoting “reconciliation and forgiveness among the perpetrators and victims of apartheid by the full disclosure of the truth.”

Neither country moved over community violence by forgetting about it and building roads instead. It's time India, too, remembered its dead and looked both massacres straight in the eye.

It’s time we revisited the story of Kausar Bano, a pregnant young woman in Gujarat, whose stomach was slashed open, foetus torn out and burnt alive.

Women in Gujarat weren’t simply raped, they were also mutilated, burnt, chopped into pieces and had hard objects inserted inside them. While analysing the “special savagery” with which wombs and vaginas were attacked in Gujarat, Tanika Sarkar writes in the Economic and Political Weekly of how rape is seen as a sign of collective dishonouring in community violence. Mobs in Gujarat were dressed in khakhi shorts and saffron underwear, with rape viewed as a religious duty.

The targeted violence against Muslims and Sikhs was as symbolic as it was grotesque.

The manner in which Sikhs had their hair torn off before being dismembered showed the simultaneous defiling of one’s body and religion.

William Dalrymple writes of “hair, piles of hair, cut from Sikhs before they were burnt alive.” Every journalist who has covered the massacre of Sikhs in Delhi’s Trilokpuri colony talks of having to tread with care while walking the streets for fear of stepping on human entrails and hacked off limbs.

Little wonder then, that India's senior journalist Khushwant Singh, who sought refuge in the house of a Swedish diplomat at the time, told a commission probing the violence that he had felt like a Jew in Nazi Germany, a refugee in his homeland, all because he was Sikh.

Many Sikhs removed their turbans and cut their hair to survive the pogrom. Gurmej Singh was not one of them. His turban marked him out on a train from Punjab to Bombay, which stopped at a station near Delhi the day Indira Gandhi was assassinated. His widow, Mohinder Kaur, fights back tears on a BBC documentary as she recalls the armed men who jumped onto the train, beat her husband with iron rods, dragged him out and set him on fire.

Both massacres involved the cynical use of religion. Both used similar rhetoric. The butchering of Muslims in Gujarat was seen as a way to teach a community a lesson for the burning of a train in Godhra, while the killing of Sikhs was viewed as revenge for the assassination of a Prime Minister by her Sikh bodyguards.

In both instances, the entire state machinery worked against the victims of violence, while shielding the perpetrators. Many have spoken of the military precision with which the violence took place.

“No 'riot' can continue beyond a few hours without the active connivance of the local police and magistracy,” writes Harsh Mander, social worker and member of India’s National Advisory Council, on the violence in Gujarat.

Both the BJP and Congress have been accused of horrendous crimes of omission and commission.

An eye-witness-turned-hostile in the anti-Sikh pogrom, said in his first affidavit that he saw Congress politician Jagdish Tytler lead a mob which set fire to a Gurdwara and burnt a man alive.

While Congress leader Sajjan Kumar was acquitted in one of three cases against him in the anti-Sikh violence, the CBI had earlier talked of a “conspiracy of terrifying proportion with the complicity of police and patronage of local MP Sajjan Kumar.”

Mayaben Kodnani, former Minister of Woman and Child Development in Gujarat — was awarded a life sentence for her role in the massacre of nearly 100 people in Naroda Patia, the same massacre where Kausar Banu’s stomach was ripped and foetus torn out. Eyewitnesses say Kodnani led a raging mob to attack the Muslim area, fired a shot from a pistol and distributed weapons. One witness in the case was hacked to death in 2011.

The Narendra Modi-led BJP government in Gujarat distanced itself from Kodnani after the conviction. But could Gujarat’s BJP leadership have been completely clueless about her role in the violence, when, in 2007, she was promoted to Minister for Woman and Child Development?

The Supreme Court appointed Special Investigative Team’s claim that the violence in Gujarat was spontaneous has been hotly contested. Investigative journalist Ashish Khetan showed that the Gujarat government ignored early warnings of crowds being mobilised and the possibility of massacres.

An election year is a great time to press for justice for both genocides. Those among us who have grown weary and cynical of elections in India might want to seek inspiration from Egypt, a nascent democracy emerging from an era of dictatorship, with far fewer electoral options than India, which voted with its feet against Hosni Mubarak, a secular, neo-liberal dictator, and then took to the streets against the Muslim Brotherhood which replaced him.

My piece is not about which party one should vote for or against in the 2014. Voting for one or another national party, or any other party for that matter, is a personal choice.

My point is simple.

Can’t we, the people of a nation with far more evolved legal mechanisms than the struggling democracies of the middle-East, use a national election to demand the justice for genocide?

 

 

[Courtesy: Times of India. Edited for sikhchic.com]

September 16, 2013

read other articles in Current Events